Isolations from affected tissue indicated that a Rhizoctonia spp. Once symptoms develop, they persist throughout the winter months, and turf recovery is limited until spring green-up the following year (Inguagiato and Martin, 2015). These symptoms have been observed on ultradwarf putting greens in South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. Symptoms typically developed from mid-July through early October. As these bentgrass-to-bermudagrass conversions quickly occurred, so did an outbreak of a disease that exhibited symptoms of tan spots ranging in size from 2 to 10 cm in diameter that can expand to necrotic rings ranging from 10 to 40 cm in diameter. This is further exacerbated because golf course putting green rootzones are designed to move water through and have limited nutrient-holding capacities (Inguagiato and Martin, 2015).

The major claim was that the switch would result in significant monetary savings for the golf club, yet ultradwarf bermudagrass has a shallower root system than previous hybrid cultivars and creeping bentgrass, which predisposes them to pathogens that attack when the grasses are growing slowly. Marketing claims surrounding these grasses indicated that fewer cultural and pesticide inputs were required to maintain comparable ball roll uniformity and distances compared with creeping bentgrass surfaces, providing encouragement for turfgrass managers to switch from creeping bentgrass to ultradwarf bermudagrasses. Ultradwarf cultivars such as ‘Tifeagle’, ‘Champion’, and ‘Mini-Verde’ tolerate extremely lowing mowing heights, and as a C 4 plant, bermudagrass endures the summer stress present in the transition zone better than creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera L.) (Inguagiato and Martin, 2015). This long-term stable and uniform grass has become the primary grass used in the sports-turf industries and is rapidly gaining acceptance for golf course putting surfaces (Hanna et al., 2013). unweighted pair group method with arithmetic meanī ermudagrass is a C 4 plant that is widely used on golf greens in the transition zone and tropical areas.Rhizoctonia zeae is sensitive to many fungicides, but based on in vitro sensitivity data presented here, some may not perform well under field conditions. zeae is a pathogen of ultradwarf bermudagrass under the imposed environmental conditions. In general, all the isolates were extremely sensitive to demtheylation and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicides (50% effective concentration 10 mg a.i. The sensitivity of 13 isolates collected in 2014 to five fungicides (chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, difenoconazole, and flutolanil) was tested. Sensitivity of seven isolates collected in 2013 to 16 fungicides (flutolanil, pyraclostrobin, fluoxastrobin, azoxystrobin, propiconazole, triticonazole, triadimefon, penthiopyrad, fluxapyroxad, azoxystrobin + difenoconazole, tebuconazole, difenoconazole, iprodione, polyoxin-D zinc salt, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, and chlorothalonil) was tested. All isolates were pathogenic to the hybrid bermudagrass cultivar Champion and aggressiveness among isolates varied.

After 7 d, disease was visually estimated using a modified Horsfall-Barrett scale (0–10). After inoculation, plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 34/30☌ (day/night) and sealed in a closed container to ensure 100% humidity. Pathogenicity of the 20 isolates was determined by inoculating hybrid bermudagrass (‘Champion’) plants in a growth chamber. zeae and three were identified as Waitea circinata var. Morphological and molecular identification showed that 17 isolates were identified as R. Twenty isolates of a fungus resembling Rhizoctonia zeae were obtained from three golf courses with bermudagrass greens that were exhibiting leaf and sheath spot symptoms in 20.

Clc sequence viewer 7 phylogram scale